오다 → 오시다: When "to come" Needs Respect

In Korean, to come has completely different words depending on who you're talking to or about.

The Rule

In Korean, "to come" isn't just one word — it changes based on your relationship with the listener and the person you're talking about. This isn't just about being polite; using the wrong level can be genuinely offensive. The four key levels for "to come": • 반말 (casual): 와 • 해요체 (polite): 와요 • 합쇼체 (formal): 옵니다 • 존칭 (honorific): 오시다

Why English Speakers Get It Wrong

English has one word for "to come" regardless of who you're talking to. You might add "please" or change your tone, but the verb itself stays the same. In Korean, the entire word changes. This isn't like French "tu/vous" — Korean has MORE levels and the honorific forms can be completely different words, not just different endings. 오다 and 오시다 don't even look related, but they mean the same thing at different politeness levels.

How It Works

Welcoming your department head 오시다 uses regular -시- honorification. Past: 오셨어요. Also note: 어서 오세요 (welcome) is a set phrase. The hierarchy: 1. 반말 (와) — Friends your age, younger people 2. 해요체 (와요) — Default safe level, strangers, colleagues 3. 합쇼체 (옵니다) — Business settings, news, presentations 4. 존칭 (오시다) — About/to elders, customers, respected figures

Real Examples

• 와 (wa) — "come" (to friends, casual) • 와요 (wayo) — "come" (polite daily conversation) • 옵니다 (opnida) — "come" (formal settings) • 오시다 (osida) — "come" (about respected people) Correct usage: 부장님, 오셨어요? (bujangnim, osyeoteoyo?)

Common Mistakes

❌ 부장님, 왔어요? (bujangnim, wateoyo?) ✅ 부장님, 오셨어요? (bujangnim, osyeoteoyo?) → 오시다 uses regular -시- honorification. Past: 오셨어요. Also note: 어서 오세요 (welcome) is a set phrase. ❌ Using 와 to someone older or a stranger ✅ Default to 와요 when unsure → When in doubt, go one level higher. Koreans appreciate over-politeness from foreigners more than under-politeness.

Quick Tip

When you're unsure which level to use, default to 해요체 (와요). It's polite enough for almost every situation and won't offend anyone. Only use 반말 (와) when someone explicitly tells you it's okay. For the honorific form 오시다, practice using it when talking ABOUT (not just to) respected people. Even when grandma isn't in the room, you should use the honorific form when mentioning her.

Safe default: 와요. When talking about elders: 오시다.

Examples

와 — wa — come (casual)

와요 — wayo — come (polite)

옵니다 — opnida — come (formal)

오시다 — osida — come (honorific)

부장님, 오셨어요? — bujangnim, osyeoteoyo? — Correct honorific usage