영어 수동태 마스터: 수동태의 부정문과 의문문
수동태의 부정은 be + not + p.p., 의문은 Be + 주어 + p.p.? 구조를 쓴다
Category: 수동태 (Passive Voice)
수동태 부정문의 기본 구조
수동태의 부정문은 be동사 뒤에 not을 넣으면 됩니다. 일반 be동사 부정문과 동일한 규칙을 따릅니다. 📌 기본 공식: 주어 + be동사 + not + p.p. 시제별 부정문: • 현재: The door is not (isn't) locked. • 과거: The email was not (wasn't) sent. • 미래: The meeting will not (won't) be cancelled. • 현재진행: The work is not (isn't) being done. • 현재완료: The report has not (hasn't) been finished. • 과거완료: The letter had not (hadn't) been delivered. 📌 조동사 수동태 부정문: modal + not + be + p.p. • The rule cannot (can't) be changed. • This should not (shouldn't) be ignored. • The problem must not (mustn't) be overlooked. • The data might not be accurate. 💡 축약형 사용: 격식: is not, was not, has not been 비격식: isn't, wasn't, hasn't been 학술/공식 문서에서는 축약형을 피합니다.
수동태 의문문의 기본 구조
수동태 의문문은 be동사를 주어 앞으로 보내면 됩니다. 일반 be동사 의문문 규칙과 동일합니다. 📌 Yes/No 의문문: Be동사 + 주어 + p.p.? 시제별 의문문: • 현재: Is the store opened on Sundays? • 과거: Was the letter delivered yesterday? • 미래: Will the project be completed on time? • 현재진행: Is the road being repaired? • 현재완료: Has the email been sent? • 과거완료: Had the work been done before you arrived? 📌 조동사 수동태 의문문: Modal + 주어 + be + p.p.? • Can this be fixed? • Should the meeting be postponed? • Must the form be signed? 📌 Wh- 의문문: Wh-단어 + be동사 + 주어 + p.p.? • When was this built? • Where was the body found? • How was the problem solved? • Why wasn't I informed? • Who was this written by? (= By whom was this written?)
한국어 화자의 부정문·의문문 실수
한국어는 부정을 동사 앞에 놓고('안 했다'), 의문은 어미로 처리합니다('~했나?'). 이 차이가 영어 수동태 부정문/의문문에서 실수를 유발합니다. ❌ 부정문 실수: 1. not 위치 오류: ✗ The letter not was sent. → ✓ The letter was not sent. ✗ The work has not done. → ✓ The work has not been done. 2. do/does 불필요한 추가: ✗ The door doesn't opened. → ✓ The door isn't opened. ✗ The email didn't sent. → ✓ The email wasn't sent. (수동태는 be동사가 있으므로 do/does 불필요!) ❌ 의문문 실수: 3. do/does 사용 오류: ✗ Does this made in Korea? → ✓ Is this made in Korea? ✗ Did the package delivered? → ✓ Was the package delivered? 4. 어순 오류: ✗ The letter was sent when? → ✓ When was the letter sent? ✗ This was made where? → ✓ Where was this made? 💡 핵심 규칙: 수동태에는 be동사가 이미 있으므로, 부정/의문에서 do/does/did를 사용하면 안 됩니다.
부정 수동태의 실생활 사용 패턴
부정 수동태가 자연스럽게 사용되는 실제 상황들: 🚫 규칙/금지: • Smoking is not permitted in this area. • Phones must not be used during the exam. • Outside food is not allowed. • Children under 12 are not admitted. • This product should not be consumed after the expiry date. 📋 상태 보고: • The package has not been delivered yet. • The issue has not been resolved. • Payment has not been received. • Your application was not approved. ⚠️ 경고/주의: • This medicine should not be taken on an empty stomach. • This product is not intended for children. • The manufacturer is not responsible for misuse. • Results cannot be guaranteed. 💼 비즈니스 이메일: • Unfortunately, your request cannot be processed at this time. • The deadline will not be extended. • This information must not be shared with third parties. • The decision has not yet been finalized. 💡 부정 수동태는 거절·불가·금지를 '부드럽게' 전달하는 도구입니다. "We can't do this"보다 "This cannot be done"이 덜 직접적이고 공손합니다.
의문 수동태의 실생활 사용 패턴
의문 수동태가 자연스럽게 사용되는 실제 상황들: ❓ 서비스/상태 확인: • Has my order been shipped? • When will the report be ready? • Was the package delivered today? • Has the problem been fixed? • Is this seat taken? (이 자리 임자 있나요?) ❓ 과정/방법 질문: • How is chocolate made? • When was this building constructed? • Where were these photos taken? • How is this word pronounced? ❓ 가능성/허가: • Can this be repaired? • Could the meeting be moved to 3 PM? • Should this be refrigerated? • Must all forms be submitted by Friday? ❓ 일상 대화: • Were you invited to the party? • Are you being served? (도움 받고 계신가요? — 상점) • Was anyone hurt in the accident? • Wasn't she told about the change? 💡 'Who was this made by?'보다 'Who made this?'(능동)가 일상에서 더 자연스럽습니다. 하지만 대상이 topic일 때는 수동 의문문이 적절합니다.
부정의문문 수동태: Wasn't it done?
부정의문문 수동태는 '~되지 않았나요?'라는 놀라움·확인·비난의 뉘앙스를 전달합니다. 📌 구조: Be동사 + n't + 주어 + p.p.? 📌 놀라움/의외: • Wasn't this built in the 1800s? (1800년대에 지은 거 아니었나?) • Hasn't the email been sent yet? (아직 안 보낸 거야?) • Isn't this included in the price? (이거 가격에 포함 아닌가요?) 📌 확인/기대: • Weren't you told about the meeting? (회의 얘기 들은 거 아니었어?) • Wasn't the deadline extended? (마감 연장된 거 아니었나?) • Hasn't this been discussed before? (이전에 논의된 적 없었나?) 📌 비난/불만: • Shouldn't this have been done earlier? (이거 더 일찍 했어야 하는 거 아니었어?) • Wasn't I supposed to be informed? (나도 알려줬어야 하는 거 아니야?) • Can't this be done faster? (더 빨리 할 수 없는 건가?) ⚠️ 답변 주의: "Wasn't it delivered?" — "Yes, it was." (네, 배달됐어요) / "No, it wasn't." (아뇨, 안 됐어요) 한국어와 반대! 한국어: '배달 안 됐나요?' — '네(안 됐어요)' / 영어: No (= 안 됐다)
연습문제: 부정문·의문문 변환
【초급】 다음 수동태를 부정문으로 바꾸세요. 1. The door was locked. → The door was not (wasn't) locked. 2. The report has been submitted. → The report has not (hasn't) been submitted. 3. Phones can be used here. → Phones cannot (can't) be used here. 【초급】 다음 수동태를 의문문으로 바꾸세요. 4. The package was delivered. → Was the package delivered? 5. This can be fixed. → Can this be fixed? 6. The email has been sent. → Has the email been sent? 【중급】 Wh- 의문문으로 바꾸세요. 7. This was built in 1990. (When?) → When was this built? 8. The body was found in the park. (Where?) → Where was the body found? 9. The problem was caused by a virus. (What...by?) → What was the problem caused by? 【고급】 다음 상황에 맞는 수동태 부정문/의문문을 작성하세요. 10. 고객에게 '주문이 아직 처리되지 않았다'고 알리기: → Your order has not been processed yet. 11. 배달 여부를 택배사에 확인하기: → Has my package been delivered? 12. '이건 더 일찍 했어야 하지 않았나?' 표현하기: → Shouldn't this have been done earlier?
FAQ & 핵심 요약
Q1: 수동태 부정문에서 do/does/did를 쓰면 왜 안 되나요? A: 수동태에는 이미 be동사가 있기 때문입니다. do/does/did는 일반동사의 부정/의문에만 사용합니다. Q2: 'Who was this written by?'와 'By whom was this written?'의 차이는? A: 의미는 같습니다. 'By whom'은 매우 격식적(문어체), 'Who...by'는 일상적입니다. 현대 영어에서는 'Who...by?'가 훨씬 자연스럽습니다. Q3: 부정의문문 대답이 한국어와 반대라는데, 팁이 있나요? A: 영어는 '사실에 따라' 답합니다. 질문의 형태와 무관하게: 사실이 긍정이면 → Yes 사실이 부정이면 → No "Wasn't it sent?" → 보냈으면 "Yes, it was." 안 보냈으면 "No, it wasn't." 📋 핵심 요약: 1️⃣ 부정: 주어 + be + not + p.p. (do/does/did 사용 금지) 2️⃣ 의문: Be + 주어 + p.p.? (do/does/did 사용 금지) 3️⃣ Wh-의문: Wh-단어 + be + 주어 + p.p.? 4️⃣ 조동사 부정: modal + not + be + p.p. 5️⃣ 조동사 의문: Modal + 주어 + be + p.p.? 6️⃣ 부정의문 대답: 사실 기준 (Yes=긍정사실, No=부정사실)
Examples
소포가 아직 배달되지 않았다. — The package hasn't been delivered yet.
이 그림은 학생이 그린 건가요? — Was this painting done by a student?
이 사진들은 어디서 찍힌 건가요? — Where were these photos taken?
시험 중에 핸드폰을 사용하면 안 됩니다. — Cell phones must not be used during the exam.
가게가 일요일에 문 닫는 거 아니야? — Isn't the store closed on Sundays?
Common Mistakes
Incorrect: The door not was locked. → Correct: The door was not locked.. not은 be동사 뒤에 옵니다: was not(wasn't).
Incorrect: Was broken the window? → Correct: Was the window broken?. 의문문은 Be + 주어 + p.p. 순서입니다.
Incorrect: Where this photo was taken? → Correct: Where was this photo taken?. 의문사 + be + 주어 + p.p. 순서입니다.
Quiz
The homework ___ submitted on time.
수동태 부정은 be + not + p.p.이므로 was not입니다.
___ the tickets already sold out?
현재완료 수동 의문문: Have + 주어 + been + p.p.입니다.