영어 수동태 마스터: 이중 목적어 수동태: 두 가지 수동태 가능
give, tell, show 등 이중 목적어 동사는 두 가지 수동태를 만들 수 있다
Category: 수동태 (Passive Voice)
이중 목적어란? 직접목적어와 간접목적어
영어의 일부 동사는 목적어를 두 개 가질 수 있습니다. 이를 '이중 목적어(ditransitive)' 동사라고 합니다. 📌 이중 목적어 구조: 주어 + 동사 + 간접목적어(IO) + 직접목적어(DO) = 주어 + 동사 + 직접목적어 + to/for + 간접목적어 예시: • She gave me a book. (IO: me, DO: a book) = She gave a book to me. • He bought her flowers. (IO: her, DO: flowers) = He bought flowers for her. 📌 대표적 이중 목적어 동사: to 유형: give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, offer, promise, write, pay, owe for 유형: buy, make, cook, find, get, build, save, order 💡 왜 이것이 수동태에서 중요한가? 목적어가 2개이므로, 어느 것을 주어로 올리느냐에 따라 두 가지 수동태가 가능합니다!
두 가지 수동태가 가능한 원리
이중 목적어 동사의 능동태를 수동태로 바꿀 때, 간접목적어(사람)를 주어로 할 수도 있고, 직접목적어(사물)를 주어로 할 수도 있습니다. 📌 능동태: They gave me a prize. (IO: me, DO: a prize) 📌 수동태 1: 간접목적어를 주어로 (더 일반적) → I was given a prize. 📌 수동태 2: 직접목적어를 주어로 → A prize was given to me. 📌 또 다른 예: 능동: Someone sent her a letter. 수동 1: She was sent a letter. ✓ (더 자연스러움) 수동 2: A letter was sent to her. ✓ 능동: The company offered him a job. 수동 1: He was offered a job. ✓ (자연스러움) 수동 2: A job was offered to him. ✓ 💡 영어에서는 사람(IO)을 주어로 하는 수동태 1이 훨씬 자연스럽고 자주 사용됩니다. "I was given..." > "A book was given to me..." (일상에서)
한국어 화자의 이중 목적어 수동태 실수
한국어에서 '나는 상을 받았다'는 하나의 표현만 존재합니다. 영어의 두 가지 수동태 선택이 낯설 수밖에 없습니다. ❌ 실수 1: 간접목적어 수동태에서 전치사 추가 ✗ I was given to a book. → ✓ I was given a book. (간접목적어가 주어가 되면 to/for 불필요) ❌ 실수 2: 직접목적어 수동태에서 전치사 누락 ✗ A book was given me. → ✓ A book was given to me. (직접목적어가 주어가 되면 to/for 필요) ❌ 실수 3: for 동사에 to 사용 ✗ A cake was bought to her. → ✓ A cake was bought for her. (buy는 for 유형) ❌ 실수 4: 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 동사에 적용 ✗ She was explained the situation. → ✓ The situation was explained to her. (explain은 이중 목적어 패턴 불가: explain sth to sb) 💡 explain, suggest, describe, announce, introduce는 'V + IO + DO' 패턴을 취하지 않으므로 사람 주어 수동태가 불가합니다.
사람 주어 수동태 vs 사물 주어 수동태: 선택 기준
두 수동태 중 어떤 것을 사용할지의 기준: 📌 사람 주어 수동태가 선호되는 경우 (I was given...): • 사람에 초점이 있을 때: I was given a promotion. (나에게 초점) • 일상 대화에서 더 자연스러움: She was told the truth. He was shown the way. We were offered a discount. 📌 사물 주어 수동태가 선호되는 경우 (A book was given to...): • 사물에 초점이 있을 때: The award was given to the winner. (상에 초점) • 사물이 이미 topic일 때: "What happened to the money?" — "It was given to charity." • 격식/공식 문서: The contract was sent to all parties involved. 📌 자주 사용되는 사람 주어 수동태: • I was given / told / shown / offered / taught / sent / paid / promised 📌 자주 사용되는 사물 주어 수동태: • The letter was sent to... / The information was given to... / The award was presented to... 💡 확신이 없으면 사람을 주어로 하세요. 대부분의 경우 더 자연스럽습니다.
주의: 이중 수동태가 불가능한 동사들
모든 동사가 두 가지 수동태를 허용하는 것은 아닙니다. 일부 동사는 사람 주어 수동태가 불가능합니다. ❌ 사람 주어 수동태 불가 동사: • explain: ✗ I was explained the rule. → ✓ The rule was explained to me. • suggest: ✗ I was suggested an idea. → ✓ An idea was suggested to me. • describe: ✗ I was described the scene. → ✓ The scene was described to me. • announce: ✗ We were announced the result. → ✓ The result was announced to us. • introduce: ✗ I was introduced a new colleague. → ✓ A new colleague was introduced to me. • mention: ✗ I was mentioned the problem. → ✓ The problem was mentioned to me. • report: ✗ I was reported the news. → ✓ The news was reported to me. • say: ✗ I was said the truth. → ✓ I was told the truth. 💡 왜 이 동사들은 안 될까? 이 동사들은 능동태에서도 'V + IO + DO' 패턴을 취하지 않기 때문입니다. ✗ He explained me the rule. ✓ He explained the rule to me. → 원래 'V + DO + to + IO' 구조만 가능한 동사는 사람 주어 수동태 불가.
to 유형 vs for 유형: 전치사 선택
이중 목적어 동사는 사물 주어 수동태에서 to 또는 for 전치사를 사용합니다. 📌 to 유형 (전달·이동 의미): give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, offer, write, pay, owe, pass, read, sell, hand, throw, bring 예시: • The book was given to me. • The letter was sent to all employees. • The skill was taught to beginners. • The money was lent to a friend. 📌 for 유형 (이익·수혜 의미): buy, make, cook, find, get, build, save, order, design, prepare, reserve 예시: • A cake was made for the children. • A seat was reserved for you. • The house was built for the family. • Dinner was cooked for all the guests. 💡 구분법: '전달(give 계열)' → to '만들기/구매(benefit 계열)' → for ⚠️ bring은 상황에 따라: • The package was brought to me. (전달) • A surprise was brought for her birthday. (이익)
연습문제
【초급】 다음 능동태를 두 가지 수동태로 바꾸세요. 1. They gave her a certificate. → ① She was given a certificate. → ② A certificate was given to her. 2. Someone sent me a message. → ① I was sent a message. → ② A message was sent to me. 【중급】 올바른 수동태를 고르세요. 3. (a) I was explained the problem. (b) The problem was explained to me. → (b) — explain은 사람 주어 수동태 불가 4. (a) She was offered a job. (b) A job was offered for her. → (a) — offer는 to 유형, 사람 주어 수동태 자연스러움 5. (a) A dress was made for her. (b) A dress was made to her. → (a) — make는 for 유형 【고급】 다음 문장의 오류를 수정하세요. 6. I was suggested a better plan. → A better plan was suggested to me. 7. A gift was bought to her. → A gift was bought for her. 8. I was given to a second chance. → I was given a second chance. 【실전】 자연스러운 수동태를 선택하세요. 9. They told me the truth. → I was told the truth. (사람 주어 — 자연스러움) 10. They announced the results to us. → The results were announced to us. (사물 주어 — announce)
FAQ & 핵심 요약
Q1: 두 수동태 중 하나만 알면 안 되나요? A: 사람 주어 수동태(I was given...)만 알아도 80% 상황에 대응 가능합니다. 하지만 시험에서는 두 형태 모두 출제됩니다. Q2: 'tell'과 'say'의 수동태 차이는? A: tell은 이중 목적어 가능: I was told the news. say는 불가: ✗ I was said... 대신 It was said that... 사용. Q3: 'I was bought a present'가 맞나요? A: 문법적으로 가능하지만, 약간 어색할 수 있습니다. 'A present was bought for me'가 더 자연스러운 경우도 있습니다. buy는 사람 주어 수동태가 give만큼 자연스럽지는 않습니다. 📋 핵심 요약: 1️⃣ 이중 목적어 동사 → 수동태 2개 가능 2️⃣ 사람 주어 수동태: IO가 주어 (I was given a book.) 3️⃣ 사물 주어 수동태: DO가 주어 (A book was given to me.) 4️⃣ explain, suggest, describe 등 → 사람 주어 수동태 불가 5️⃣ 전치사: 전달=to, 수혜=for 6️⃣ 일상에서는 사람 주어 수동태가 더 자연스러움
Examples
나는 두 번째 기회를 받았다. — I was given a second chance.
그녀는 회의가 취소되었다는 말을 들었다. — She was told that the meeting was canceled.
학생들은 다큐멘터리를 보여주었다. — The students were shown a documentary.
그는 경고 편지를 받았다. — He was sent a warning letter.
장학금이 최우수 학생에게 제공되었다. — A scholarship was offered to the top student.
Common Mistakes
Incorrect: A book was given me. → Correct: A book was given to me.. 사물 주어 수동태에서는 to + 사람이 필요합니다.
Incorrect: I was told to the news. → Correct: I was told the news.. 사람 주어 수동태에서는 to 없이 직접목적어가 바로 옵니다.
Incorrect: She was bought to a ring. → Correct: She was bought a ring. / A ring was bought for her.. buy의 전치사는 for이며, 사람 주어 수동태에서는 전치사 불필요합니다.
Quiz
'Someone gave her the award.'의 수동태로 가장 자연스러운 것은?
사람(she)을 주어로 한 수동태가 가장 자연스럽습니다.
The children ___ a story every night.
read의 이중 목적어 수동태: The children are read a story입니다.