영어 수동태 마스터: 수동태 불가능한 동사 (자동사)
목적어가 없는 자동사(happen, arrive, die 등)는 수동태로 만들 수 없다
Category: 수동태 (Passive Voice)
자동사와 타동사: 수동태의 전제 조건
수동태를 만들려면 반드시 목적어가 있는 타동사(transitive verb)가 필요합니다. 목적어가 없는 자동사(intransitive verb)는 수동태를 만들 수 없습니다. 📌 핵심 원리: 능동태: 주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어가 주어로 이동하면 수동태 가능 예시: • Tom wrote a letter. → A letter was written by Tom. ✓ (write = 타동사) • The accident happened. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (happen = 자동사, 목적어 없음) 💡 자동사 판별법: "주어가 ~을/를 했다"가 성립하면 타동사 "주어가 ~했다"만 가능하면 자동사 • He ran. (그가 달렸다 — 뭘 달렸다? ✗) → 자동사 • He ran a company. (그가 회사를 운영했다) → 타동사 ⚠️ 같은 동사가 자동사/타동사 둘 다 되는 경우가 많습니다: • The door opened. (자동사 — 수동태 불가) • Someone opened the door. → The door was opened. (타동사 — 수동태 가능)
한국어 화자가 자동사 수동태 실수를 범하는 이유
한국어에서는 '사고가 발생되었다', '문제가 일어나졌다' 같은 피동 표현이 (비표준이지만) 구어에서 가끔 사용됩니다. 이 습관이 영어로 전이됩니다. ❌ 매우 흔한 실수들: • ✗ The accident was happened yesterday. ✓ The accident happened yesterday. • ✗ The problem was occurred suddenly. ✓ The problem occurred suddenly. • ✗ He was died in 2020. ✓ He died in 2020. • ✗ My grandmother was passed away. ✓ My grandmother passed away. • ✗ The situation was existed for years. ✓ The situation existed for years. • ✗ The package was arrived this morning. ✓ The package arrived this morning. 💡 왜 이런 실수가 생길까? 한국어: '사고가 일어났다' → '사고가 발생되었다' (수동 가능) 영어: 'The accident happened.' → ✗ 'was happened' (수동 불가) 영어의 happen, occur, exist, die, arrive, appear, disappear, fall 등은 절대 수동태가 되지 않습니다.
수동태 불가능한 대표 자동사 50선
수동태를 만들 수 없는 대표적 자동사들을 카테고리별로 정리합니다. 📌 존재·발생: happen, occur, take place, arise, exist, emerge, appear, disappear, vanish 📌 이동·위치: arrive, depart, come, go, leave, fall, rise, fly, swim, walk, run, sit, stand, lie, stay, remain 📌 상태 변화: die, pass away, grow, shrink, increase, decrease, improve, worsen, change, develop, evolve 📌 지속·시작·끝: last, continue, begin, start, end, finish, stop, cease 📌 기타: agree, disagree, belong, consist of, depend on, matter, seem, appear (보이다), look (보이다) ⚠️ 주의: 위 동사들 중 일부는 타동사 용법도 있습니다. • He ran a business. (타동사) → A business was run by him. ✓ • He ran fast. (자동사) → ✗ 수동태 불가 • She grew flowers. (타동사) → Flowers were grown. ✓ • She grew tall. (자동사) → ✗ 수동태 불가
자동사 vs 타동사: 헷갈리는 동사 쌍
형태가 같거나 비슷한데 자동사/타동사가 다른 동사 쌍을 구분합니다. 📌 raise (타) vs rise (자): • They raised the price. → The price was raised. ✓ • The sun rises. → ✗ The sun was risen. 📌 lay (타) vs lie (자): • She laid the book on the table. → The book was laid on the table. ✓ • He lies on the bed. → ✗ 수동태 불가 📌 open (타/자): • He opened the door. → The door was opened. ✓ (타동사) • The door opened. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (자동사 용법) 📌 break (타/자): • She broke the vase. → The vase was broken. ✓ (타동사) • The vase broke. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (자동사 용법) 📌 increase (타/자): • The company increased sales. → Sales were increased. ✓ • Sales increased. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (자동사) 💡 구분 팁: '목적어를 가질 수 있는가?'를 먼저 확인하세요. 같은 동사라도 용법에 따라 수동태 가능/불가가 달라집니다.
seem, appear, belong 등: 상태 동사의 수동태 불가
동작이 아닌 상태를 나타내는 동사들도 수동태가 불가능한 경우가 많습니다. 📌 연결동사 (Linking verbs): • seem: He seems tired. → ✗ He is seemed tired. • appear: She appears nervous. → ✗ She is appeared nervous. • become: He became famous. → ✗ He was become famous. • remain: The problem remains unsolved. → ✗ The problem is remained. 📌 소유·소속: • have (소유): I have a car. → ✗ A car is had by me. ⚠️ have가 '경험하다/시키다' 의미일 때는 다름 • belong to: This belongs to me. → ✗ I am belonged to. • own: She owns a house. → ✗ A house is owned... (△ 사전적으론 가능하나 매우 부자연스러움) 📌 인지·감각 (일부): • resemble: She resembles her mother. → ✗ Her mother is resembled by her. • suit: This suits you. → ✗ You are suited by this. (suited = 형용사는 가능) • fit: The shoes fit me. → ✗ I am fitted by the shoes. • lack: We lack resources. → ✗ Resources are lacked. • consist of: Water consists of H₂O. → ✗ H₂O is consisted of. 💡 이런 동사들은 '동작'이 아니라 '관계/상태'를 나타내므로 수동태가 성립하지 않습니다.
특수한 경우: 전치사 + 자동사 → 수동태 가능?
자동사라도 전치사와 결합하여 타동사처럼 기능하면 수동태가 가능한 경우가 있습니다. 📌 구동사(Phrasal verb)로 수동태 가능: • laugh at: Everyone laughed at him. → He was laughed at. ✓ • look after: She looks after the children. → The children are looked after. ✓ • talk about: People talked about the scandal. → The scandal was talked about. ✓ • sleep in: This bed was slept in by a king. ✓ (드물지만 가능) • sit on: The chair was sat on by everyone. ✓ 📌 수동태가 여전히 불가능한 자동사: • arrive at: ✗ The station was arrived at. (부자연스러움) • go to: ✗ The school was gone to. (불가) • die of: ✗ The disease was died of. (불가) • belong to: ✗ I am belonged to. (불가) 💡 판단 기준: 전치사 뒤의 명사가 '영향을 받는 대상'이면 수동태 가능. 단순히 '장소/방향'이면 수동태 불가. • laugh at him → him이 영향을 받음 (놀림당함) → 수동태 ✓ • arrive at the station → station은 영향을 안 받음 → 수동태 ✗
연습문제: 수동태 가능 vs 불가능 판별
【초급】 수동태로 바꿀 수 있는 문장에 ✓, 없는 문장에 ✗ 표시하세요. 1. The train arrived on time. → ✗ (arrive = 자동사) 2. She wrote a beautiful poem. → ✓ → A beautiful poem was written by her. 3. The baby cried all night. → ✗ (cry = 자동사) 4. They built a new bridge. → ✓ → A new bridge was built. 5. The sun rose at 6 AM. → ✗ (rise = 자동사) 【중급】 올바른 문장을 고르세요. 6. (a) The accident was happened. (b) The accident happened. → (b) 7. (a) The problem was occurred. (b) The problem occurred. → (b) 8. (a) Sales were increased by the team. (b) Sales increased. → 둘 다 가능! (a)=타동사, (b)=자동사 【고급】 다음 문장의 오류를 찾아 수정하세요. 9. The meeting was taken place in Room 3. → The meeting took place in Room 3. 10. Many changes have been happened recently. → Many changes have happened recently. 11. The old building was disappeared overnight. → The old building disappeared overnight. 12. He was laughed at by his classmates. → ✓ 올바름! (laugh at = 구동사)
FAQ & 핵심 요약
Q1: 어떤 동사가 자동사인지 어떻게 알 수 있나요? A: 사전에서 'vi (verb intransitive)' 표시를 확인하세요. 또는 '~을/를'이 자연스럽지 않으면 자동사입니다. Q2: 'The door was opened'와 'The door opened'의 차이는? A: 'was opened'는 누군가가 열었음(외부 행위자 존재), 'opened'는 저절로 열림(자동사적 사용)입니다. Q3: 'die'가 자동사면 'be killed'는 뭔가요? A: 'kill'은 타동사이므로 수동태가 가능합니다. die ≠ be killed의 관계입니다. 'He died'(자연사/일반), 'He was killed'(타살/사고). Q4: 'The accident was caused by...'는 가능한데 'was happened'는 왜 안 되나요? A: 'cause'는 타동사(Someone caused the accident)이므로 수동태 가능. 'happen'은 자동사(목적어 없음)이므로 불가. 📋 핵심 요약: 1️⃣ 수동태 = 타동사만 가능 (목적어가 주어로 이동) 2️⃣ 자동사(happen, occur, die, arrive, exist 등) → 수동태 절대 불가 3️⃣ 같은 동사도 타동사/자동사 용법이 다를 수 있음 4️⃣ 구동사(laugh at, look after)는 자동사여도 수동태 가능한 경우 있음 5️⃣ 한국어 '~되다/~어지다'를 기계적으로 영어 수동태로 옮기지 말 것
Examples
지진은 자정에 발생했다. — The earthquake occurred at midnight.
기차가 정시에 도착했다. — The train arrived on time.
어제 이상한 일이 일어났다. — Something strange happened yesterday.
그 오래된 건물은 아직 존재한다. — The old building still exists.
해는 동쪽에서 뜬다. — The sun rises in the east.
Common Mistakes
Incorrect: The accident was happened on the highway. → Correct: The accident happened on the highway.. happen은 자동사이므로 수동태를 만들 수 없습니다.
Incorrect: The problem was occurred during the test. → Correct: The problem occurred during the test.. occur은 자동사이므로 was occurred는 틀립니다.
Incorrect: She was died in the hospital. → Correct: She died in the hospital.. die는 자동사이므로 수동태가 불가능합니다.
Quiz
다음 중 수동태로 바꿀 수 없는 문장은?
stop(멈추다)이 자동사로 쓰여 목적어가 없으므로 수동태 불가입니다.
'A fire ___ in the building last night.'의 올바른 형태는?
break out(발생하다)은 자동사 표현이므로 수동태를 쓸 수 없습니다.