영어 수동태 마스터: 수동태 + 구동사: look after, turn down의 수동태
구동사(phrasal verb)를 수동태로 만들 때 전치사/부사를 분리하지 않는다
Category: 수동태 (Passive Voice)
구동사(Phrasal Verb)의 수동태란?
구동사는 '동사 + 전치사/부사'로 이루어진 관용 표현입니다. 이 구동사가 타동사로 사용될 때 수동태를 만들 수 있습니다. 📌 핵심 원칙: 구동사 전체를 하나의 동사로 취급하여 수동태를 만듭니다. 전치사/부사를 분리하지 않습니다. 예시: 능동: Someone broke into our house. 수동: Our house was broken into. ✓ 능동: They turned down my application. 수동: My application was turned down. ✓ 능동: She looks after the children. 수동: The children are looked after. ✓ ⚠️ 핵심: 수동태에서도 전치사/부사는 과거분사 뒤에 그대로 남습니다! ✗ My application was turned. (down 누락 — 의미 변형) ✓ My application was turned down. 한국어 화자에게 'The children are looked after'는 이상하게 보일 수 있습니다. '뒤에 전치사만 덩그러니?'라는 느낌. 하지만 이것이 영어의 자연스러운 구조입니다.
한국어 화자가 구동사 수동태를 어려워하는 이유
한국어에는 구동사 개념이 없습니다. '돌보다', '거절하다'처럼 한 단어로 표현하죠. 영어의 'look after', 'turn down'을 수동태로 만드는 것이 낯설 수밖에 없습니다. ❌ 실수 1: 전치사 탈락 ✗ My application was turned. → ✓ was turned down ✗ The children are looked. → ✓ are looked after ✗ The meeting was put. → ✓ was put off ❌ 실수 2: 전치사 위치 변경 ✗ My application was down turned. → ✓ was turned down ✗ The matter was into looked. → ✓ was looked into ❌ 실수 3: by + 전치사 혼동 ✗ The children are looked after by. (어색) ✓ The children are looked after by their grandmother. (by 뒤에 행위자) ❌ 실수 4: 분리 가능 구동사에서 목적어 위치 혼동 능동: They turned the offer down. / They turned down the offer. (둘 다 가능) 수동: The offer was turned down. (항상 이 형태) 💡 수동태에서는 분리 여부와 관계없이 항상 'p.p. + 부사/전치사' 순서입니다.
수동태 가능한 대표 구동사 30선
타동사 구동사 중 수동태로 자주 사용되는 것들을 정리합니다. 📌 거절/취소: • turn down: The offer was turned down. (거절당하다) • put off: The meeting was put off. (연기되다) • call off: The event was called off. (취소되다) • rule out: The option was ruled out. (배제되다) 📌 처리/해결: • look into: The matter is being looked into. (조사되다) • deal with: The complaint was dealt with. (처리되다) • carry out: The plan was carried out. (실행되다) • sort out: The problem was sorted out. (해결되다) • bring up: The topic was brought up. (제기되다) 📌 보살핌/관리: • look after: The patient was looked after. (돌봄을 받다) • take care of: Everything was taken care of. (처리되다) • look up to: She is looked up to by everyone. (존경받다) • look down on: He was looked down on. (무시당하다) 📌 설립/구성: • set up: A committee was set up. (설립되다) • make up of: The team is made up of 10 people. (구성되다) • bring about: Change was brought about. (야기되다) • take over: The company was taken over. (인수되다) 📌 발견/발명: • find out: The truth was found out. (발견되다) • figure out: The solution was figured out. (알아내다) • work out: A compromise was worked out. (도출되다)
3단어 구동사의 수동태
3단어로 구성된 구동사(동사 + 부사 + 전치사)도 수동태가 가능합니다. 📌 3단어 구동사 수동태 예시: • put up with (참다): 능동: We can't put up with this noise. 수동: This noise can't be put up with. • look forward to (기대하다): 능동: Everyone looks forward to the holiday. 수동: The holiday is looked forward to by everyone. (△ 가능하지만 어색) • look down on (무시하다): 능동: They looked down on him. 수동: He was looked down on. • look up to (존경하다): 능동: Students look up to their teacher. 수동: The teacher is looked up to by students. • do away with (폐지하다): 능동: They did away with the old rule. 수동: The old rule was done away with. • take care of (처리하다): 능동: She took care of the problem. 수동: The problem was taken care of. • make fun of (놀리다): 능동: They made fun of him. 수동: He was made fun of. ⚠️ 3단어 구동사 수동태가 어색한 경우: 'look forward to'의 수동태는 문법적으로 가능하지만 실제로 거의 사용되지 않습니다. 자연스러움을 항상 확인하세요.
수동태 불가능한 구동사
모든 구동사가 수동태가 되는 것은 아닙니다. 자동사 구동사는 수동태가 불가능합니다. ❌ 수동태 불가 (자동사 구동사): • break down: The car broke down. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (고장나다 — 목적어 없음) • show up: He showed up late. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (나타나다) • come about: How did this come about? → ✗ 수동태 불가 (발생하다) • get up: I got up early. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (일어나다) • pass away: She passed away. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (돌아가시다) • go off: The alarm went off. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (울리다) • break out: War broke out. → ✗ 수동태 불가 (발발하다) 💡 판단 기준: '~을/를'에 해당하는 목적어가 있는가? • turn down the offer (제안을 거절하다) → 목적어 있음 → 수동태 ✓ • break down (고장나다) → 목적어 없음 → 수동태 ✗ ⚠️ 같은 구동사도 의미에 따라: • break down the door (문을 부수다) → 타동사 → The door was broken down. ✓ • The car broke down. (차가 고장났다) → 자동사 → ✗ 수동태 불가
실전 활용: 비즈니스·뉴스에서의 구동사 수동태
구동사 수동태는 비즈니스와 뉴스에서 매우 빈번합니다. 💼 비즈니스: • The proposal was turned down by the board. • A new branch has been set up in Tokyo. • The project was carried out successfully. • Old systems are being phased out. • The merger was called off at the last minute. • The issue will be looked into immediately. • All orders must be followed up within 24 hours. 📰 뉴스: • The suspect was tracked down after a month-long search. • Three buildings were blown up in the explosion. • The stolen painting was handed over to the museum. • The case is being looked into by detectives. • The event was called off due to bad weather. • The president was sworn in yesterday. 🏫 일상: • I was picked up at the airport by my friend. • The children are well looked after at this school. • She was brought up by her grandparents. • The meeting was put off until next week. 💡 이 표현들을 능동태로만 쓰면 '행위자'를 계속 밝혀야 해서 문장이 장황해집니다.
연습문제
【초급】 다음 구동사를 수동태로 바꾸세요. 1. Someone broke into the shop. → The shop was broken into. 2. They called off the game. → The game was called off. 3. She looks after elderly patients. → Elderly patients are looked after. 【중급】 빈칸을 채우세요. 4. The investigation is being _____ _____ (look into). → looked into 5. The offer was _____ _____ (turn down) by the client. → turned down 6. A new committee has been _____ _____ (set up). → set up 【고급】 수동태 가능 여부를 판단하고, 가능하면 수동태로 바꾸세요. 7. The plane took off at noon. → ✗ 불가 (자동사) 8. They brought up an interesting point. → ✓ An interesting point was brought up. 9. The fire broke out at midnight. → ✗ 불가 (자동사) 10. Nobody can put up with his behavior. → ✓ His behavior can't be put up with. 11. She looks up to her mother. → ✓ Her mother is looked up to. 12. The meeting showed up at 3. → ✗ 불가 (자동사, 문맥 오류)
FAQ & 핵심 요약
Q1: 수동태에서 전치사가 문장 끝에 덩그러니 있는 게 정말 맞나요? A: 네! 'The children are looked after.'에서 after가 끝에 있는 것은 완벽히 문법적입니다. 구동사는 분리할 수 없는 한 단위이기 때문입니다. Q2: 'turn down'처럼 분리 가능한 구동사도 수동태에서는 항상 붙여 쓰나요? A: 네. 수동태에서는 항상 'p.p. + particle' 순서입니다. 'The offer was turned down.' (항상) Q3: 'be looked into'와 'be investigated'의 차이는? A: 의미는 같지만, 'be investigated'가 더 격식적입니다. 구동사 수동태는 비격식~중간 격식에서 사용됩니다. Q4: 3단어 구동사 수동태가 어색하면 어떻게 하나요? A: 능동태를 쓰거나, 동의어 단일 동사를 사용하세요. 'This noise can't be put up with' → 'This noise is intolerable.' 📋 핵심 요약: 1️⃣ 타동사 구동사는 수동태 가능 (자동사 구동사는 불가) 2️⃣ 구동사 전체를 한 단위로 취급 (전치사/부사 유지) 3️⃣ 수동태: be + p.p. + 전치사/부사 (분리 금지) 4️⃣ 3단어 구동사도 수동태 가능 (자연스러움 확인 필요) 5️⃣ 분리 가능 구동사도 수동태에서는 항상 비분리
Examples
비 때문에 콘서트가 취소되었다. — The concert was called off due to rain.
그녀는 작은 마을에서 자랐다. — She was brought up in a small town.
지원서가 두 번 거절되었다. — The application was turned down twice.
그 문제가 경찰에 의해 조사되고 있다. — The issue is being looked into by the police.
그의 제안은 위원회에게 비웃음을 받았다. — His proposal was laughed at by the committee.
Common Mistakes
Incorrect: The meeting was called. → Correct: The meeting was called off.. call off에서 off를 빼면 의미가 완전히 달라집니다.
Incorrect: The children were looked. → Correct: The children were looked after.. look after를 분리하면 '돌보다'의 의미가 사라집니다.
Incorrect: The volume was turned. → Correct: The volume was turned up.. turn up(높이다)에서 up을 빼면 turn(돌리다)이 됩니다.
Quiz
The investigation ___.
carry out의 수동태는 was carried out입니다. 구동사를 분리하지 않습니다.
She ___ by her aunt after her parents passed away.
bring up(양육하다)의 수동태는 was brought up입니다.