영어 수동태 마스터: 수동태 + that절: It is thought that, be said to have p.p.
보도/추정 표현에서 that절 수동태와 완료 부정사 수동태를 구분한다
Category: 수동태 (Passive Voice)
수동태 + that절: 보도 수동태의 고급 형태
영어에서 '~라고 생각된다/~라고 알려져 있다'를 표현하는 고급 수동태 구문입니다. 학술·뉴스·공식 문서에서 필수적인 구조입니다. 📌 두 가지 패턴: 패턴 A: It is + p.p. + that절 • It is thought that the suspect has fled. (~라고 생각된다) • It is believed that she is over 100 years old. (~라고 믿어진다) 패턴 B: 주어 + is + p.p. + to부정사 • The suspect is thought to have fled. (~한 것으로 생각된다) • She is believed to be over 100 years old. 📌 사용 가능한 동사: think, believe, say, know, report, consider, expect, understand, estimate, assume, allege, claim, fear, suppose, rumor 💡 왜 이 구문을 쓰는가? 1. 정보의 출처를 밝히지 않고 객관적으로 전달 2. 확인되지 않은 정보를 조심스럽게 보도 3. 학술적 중립성 유지 4. 격식적·전문적 톤 형성
be said to have p.p.: 과거 사실의 보도
'be said to have p.p.'는 '~했다고 한다/~한 것으로 알려져 있다'를 나타내는 완료형 보도 수동태입니다. 📌 기본 원리: that절의 동사가 주절보다 앞선 시제일 때 → to have + p.p. 변환 과정: • People say that he lived in Paris. → It is said that he lived in Paris. → He is said to have lived in Paris. (과거 → to have p.p.) 📌 시제 대응표: • that절 = 현재 → to + 동사원형 He is said to live in Paris. (지금 살고 있다고) • that절 = 과거/현재완료 → to have + p.p. He is said to have lived in Paris. (과거에 살았다고) • that절 = 진행 → to be + ~ing He is said to be living in Paris. (지금 살고 있는 중이라고) • that절 = 과거진행 → to have been + ~ing He is said to have been living in Paris. (살고 있었다고) 📌 예문: • She is believed to have won the lottery. (복권에 당첨됐다고 믿어진다) • The painting is thought to have been stolen. (도난당한 것으로 추정된다) • He is known to have met the president. (대통령을 만난 것으로 알려져 있다)
한국어 화자의 that절 수동태 실수
이 구문은 한국어에 직접 대응하는 구조가 없어서 다양한 실수가 발생합니다. ❌ 실수 1: It is thought that와 주어 + is thought to 혼합 오류 ✗ It is thought to he is rich. ✓ It is thought that he is rich. ✓ He is thought to be rich. ❌ 실수 2: to have p.p. 대신 to + 과거형 ✗ He is said to went there. → ✓ He is said to have gone there. ✗ She is believed to studied abroad. → ✓ She is believed to have studied abroad. ❌ 실수 3: 수동태 중첩 혼란 ✗ It is thought that he was said to... ✓ It is thought that he left. / He is thought to have left. (하나의 보도 동사만 사용) ❌ 실수 4: 주어 일치 오류 ✗ He is thought that she is beautiful. ✓ It is thought that she is beautiful. / She is thought to be beautiful. (It 구문은 that절 주어가 자유, 인칭 구문은 that절 주어 = 문장 주어) 💡 패턴 B(인칭 수동태)에서는 반드시 문장 주어 = that절 주어여야 합니다.
It is thought that vs He is thought to: 변환 연습
두 패턴 간의 변환을 체계적으로 연습합니다. 📌 같은 시제 (현재 → to + 동사원형): • It is believed that she knows the truth. → She is believed to know the truth. • It is thought that the company is profitable. → The company is thought to be profitable. 📌 앞선 시제 (과거 → to have + p.p.): • It is said that he built a castle. → He is said to have built a castle. • It is reported that they left the country. → They are reported to have left the country. 📌 진행 (현재진행 → to be + ~ing): • It is believed that she is working on a new book. → She is believed to be working on a new book. • It is reported that they are negotiating. → They are reported to be negotiating. 📌 수동 (수동태 → to be + p.p. / to have been + p.p.): • It is thought that the painting was stolen. → The painting is thought to have been stolen. • It is said that he was raised by wolves. → He is said to have been raised by wolves. ⚠️ 주절이 과거일 때: • It was thought that he was innocent. → He was thought to be innocent. • It was believed that she had left. → She was believed to have left.
뉴스·학술에서의 실전 사용
이 구문은 뉴스와 학술 글에서 가장 빈번하게 등장합니다. 📰 뉴스 보도: • The suspect is thought to have fled to Mexico. • It is reported that over 200 people were affected. • The company is believed to be considering layoffs. • The death toll is feared to exceed 1,000. • The president is understood to have rejected the proposal. 📚 학술 논문: • This species is thought to have evolved 50 million years ago. • It is widely believed that early intervention is key. • The phenomenon is considered to be caused by climate change. • The treatment is known to reduce symptoms significantly. • It is estimated that 40% of the population is affected. 💼 비즈니스/경제: • The deal is reported to be worth $5 billion. • It is expected that interest rates will rise. • The company is understood to have made a loss. • Unemployment is estimated to reach 8% by year-end. 💡 이 구문을 사용하면: - 정보에 대한 책임을 분산시킬 수 있음 - 불확실한 정보를 격식 있게 전달 - '~라고 한다'의 다양한 확신도 표현
확신도별 동사 선택 가이드
보도 수동태 동사는 화자의 확신도에 따라 선택합니다. 📌 높은 확신 (사실에 가까움): • be known to: It is known that water boils at 100°C. (확인된 사실) • be understood to: The CEO is understood to have approved. (신뢰할 만한 소식통) 📌 중간 확신 (높은 개연성): • be believed to: She is believed to be alive. (강한 추정) • be thought to: The painting is thought to be genuine. (전문가 의견) • be considered to: This is considered to be the best option. (평가) • be expected to: Sales are expected to grow. (예측) 📌 낮은 확신 (추측/소문): • be said to: He is said to be very wealthy. (불특정 출처) • be reported to: The army is reported to be advancing. (미확인 보도) • be rumored to: They are rumored to be dating. (소문) • be alleged to: He is alleged to have committed fraud. (혐의, 미입증) 📌 부정적 예측: • be feared to: The death toll is feared to rise. (우려) • be suspected to: He is suspected to have stolen it. (혐의) 💡 시험 팁: IELTS Writing에서 "It is widely believed/generally considered/commonly thought" 등의 표현을 사용하면 Band 7+ 어휘력을 보여줄 수 있습니다.
연습문제
【초급】 It is said that → 주어 + is said to 변환 1. It is said that she speaks 7 languages. → She is said to speak 7 languages. 2. It is believed that he is the richest man in town. → He is believed to be the richest man in town. 3. It is known that the company is successful. → The company is known to be successful. 【중급】 과거 시제 변환 (to have + p.p.) 4. It is said that Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. → Shakespeare is said to have written 37 plays. 5. It is believed that the temple was built in 500 BC. → The temple is believed to have been built in 500 BC. 6. It is thought that she won the competition. → She is thought to have won the competition. 【고급】 능동태 → 보도 수동태 (두 형태 모두) 7. People think that he is lying. → It is thought that he is lying. → He is thought to be lying. 8. Experts believe that this painting was stolen. → It is believed that this painting was stolen. → This painting is believed to have been stolen. 9. Reports say that the company is negotiating a merger. → It is reported that the company is negotiating a merger. → The company is reported to be negotiating a merger.
FAQ & 핵심 요약
Q1: 두 패턴 중 어떤 것을 더 많이 쓰나요? A: 학술/뉴스에서는 주어 + is said to 패턴이 더 간결해서 선호됩니다. It is said that은 좀 더 격식적이거나 that절이 길 때 사용합니다. Q2: 'to have been p.p.' (이중 수동)가 너무 복잡합니다. A: 단계별로 이해하세요: ① 보도 수동(is thought) + ② 과거(to have) + ③ 수동(been stolen). 'The painting is thought to have been stolen' = 도난당한 것으로 추정된다. Q3: 이 구문을 Speaking에서도 쓸 수 있나요? A: 'be said to'와 'be supposed to'는 구어에서도 자연스럽습니다. 'be thought to', 'be considered to'는 좀 더 격식적이라 Speaking에서는 'People think that...'이 자연스러울 수 있습니다. 📋 핵심 요약: 1️⃣ 패턴 A: It is p.p. that + 주어 + 동사 2️⃣ 패턴 B: 주어 + is p.p. + to부정사 3️⃣ 같은 시제 → to + 동사원형 4️⃣ 앞선 시제 → to have + p.p. 5️⃣ 진행 → to be + ~ing 6️⃣ 수동 → to be/have been + p.p. 7️⃣ 확신도에 따라 동사 선택: known > believed > thought > said > rumored
Examples
CEO가 사임할 것이라고 보도되었다. — It is reported that the CEO will resign.
그녀가 역대 최연소 우승자로 여겨진다. — She is thought to be the youngest winner ever.
보물은 동굴에 숨겨진 것으로 여겨진다. — The treasure is believed to have been hidden in the cave.
10억 명이 영어를 구사하는 것으로 추정된다. — It is estimated that 1 billion people speak English.
그가 최초의 컴퓨터를 발명했다고 한다. — He is said to have invented the first computer.
Common Mistakes
Incorrect: He is said to wrote 50 novels. → Correct: He is said to have written 50 novels.. 과거 행위이므로 to have + p.p.(written)를 씁니다.
Incorrect: It is believed that she to be talented. → Correct: It is believed that she is talented.. It is + p.p. + that + 완전한 절(주어+동사)입니다.
Incorrect: She is thought to has been the winner. → Correct: She is thought to have been the winner.. to 뒤에는 동사원형(have)이 옵니다. has는 틀립니다.
Quiz
'People believe that he left the country.' = He is believed ___.
주절(believe, 현재)보다 이전 시점(left, 과거)이므로 to have left입니다.
It ___ that the population will double by 2050.
It is estimated that(~로 추정된다)가 올바른 비인칭 수동태입니다.